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  • Theatre of Apollonia
  • Pojan
  • Apollonia
  • Albania
  • Fier County
  • Bashkia Fier
  • Komuna e Dermenasit

Credits

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Monuments

Periods

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Chronology

  • 330 BC - 280 AD

Season

    • The excavations of 2007 signed the first season of investigations undertaken in the theatre of the ancient city of Apolonia. The investigations which were directed by a joint German-Albanian team were located in the northern part of the theatre with the purpose of documenting the entire extension of the _scaena_, as well as in the southeastern side for identifying the _analemma_ wall and the northern entrance of the Hellenistic and Roman theatre. Electromagnetic and geo- penetrating radar investigations were also carried out in the area around the monument, and the results obtained were useful for planning future field research. The stratigraphic data and the architectonic elements revealed during the excavations of the last century, alongside with the new materials will become part of a newly-created unique recording system. The excavations in the seven opened test pits (I-VII) uncovered several construction phases of the theatre. Traces of the northern wall of the _scaena_ were revealed in sondages II – III of the excavations. These remains relate to the first phase of construction of the theatre during the Hellenistic period, and indicate a wider extension of the _scaena_ toward the north than what has been previously assumed. The excavation in sondages V-VII enabled us to identify the first traces of the northern _analemma_ and the northeastern entrance to the theatre. A similar stratigraphic sequence consisting of abundant ceramic and glass materials of the Roman period (1st Century BC to the 3rd AD) was noted in all the excavated trenches. However, the results of this season did not provide any further information regarding the layout, plan and the architectonic elements of the theatre throughout the two main phases of construction, or the exact date and reasons that lead to the theatre reconstruction, and later to its abandonment.
    • The investigations of 2008 in the ancient city of Apollonia, focused on the sratigraphical sequences in the area of orchestra and _scaena_. Also, small scale excavations were carried out, aiming to understand the territory around the theatre. The excavations of this season revealed several construction phases of the theatre’s _scaena_, which cover a wide chronology of time, from the Hellenistic to the Roman Imperial period. It seems that during the Hellenistic period the decorative elements of the _scaena_ were of the Ionian order, as suggested by the discovery of several frieze blocks on its northern side. The excavations in the central area of the orchestra identified a rubble layer which belongs to the destruction of the _scaena_. The postholes identified below the rubble layer, are probably related to the scaffolding, the supporting elements of the orchestra, or other temporary wooden structures established during the theatre’s performances. The cleaning of the auditorium area showed that the incline of the cavea (26 grade) correspond to that of the _koilon_ and to the sloping level of the _parodos_ wall. On the northern side of the _parodos_ a regular limestone block engraved in Greek - YΛOY YIOΣ TAPANTINOΣ ANA, perhaps an architectonic element of the _geison_ of the frieze of _scaena_, was unearthed. The foundations of the proskenion were also revealed. It dates to the first phase of the construction of the theatre (3rd Century BC). The investigations of this season enabled the identification of a reconstruction of the Roman period. During this time, the orchestra was transformed into an arena for gladiators and the first seating row of the _cavea_ seems to have been removed for constructing a high parapet wall. In addition, the reconstruction of Late Roman time, are confirmed by the use of bricks in the reconstructed wall of the _scaena_, and the reuse of the frieze blocks of the Ionian order (former elements of the Hellenistic _scaena_) as a threshold between the arena and the auditorim.
    • The excavations of 2009 undertaken in the ancient theatre of Apollonia, aimed to have a full understanding of the surroundings of the monument and its role within the urban area of the city. The soundings were located on the terrace above the theatre’s _koilon_, where, based on the previous geo-radar and geomagnetic investigations, several wall anomalies were identified. Therefore, a series of habitation structures of the classical period were unearthed; they appear to have been demolished in the 3rd Century BC, to create an open space around the _koilon_ and expand the theatre area. The excavations of this season revealed traces of the main entrance of the Hellenistic theatre, positioned at the centre of the auditorium, along with the supporting wall behind the seating rows, which delineates a wider area of the auditorium, differently from what had been assumed in the excavations of the 70’s of the last Century. Perhaps a portico existed in front of the _scaena_, to the west, as suggested by the discovery of the wall lines of its northern and western sides. In the most northern point of the excavation area, very close to the theatre, traces of the _insulae_ of the habitation quarter were uncovered. While in the west (the area behind the _koilon_), remains of the urban road network were noted, suggesting a wider expansion of the open area at this side. The results of this season confirmed that the ancient theatre was located at the joining point of the roads coming from the upper (agora) and lower quarters, and at the same time, marking the division line between the _insulae_ quarters of the city of Apollonia.
    • The excavations of 2010 undertaken in the theatre of the ancient city of Apollonia were located in seven sectors, some of them opened since 2006. Excavations undertaken in sector T, at the northern _parodos_, revealed traces of the _scaena_ wall, the supporting wall at the northern slope of the hill, and the northern _analemma_ wall. The stratigraphic units uncovered, 263, 273 and 274, correspond to the perimeter extent of the Roman orchestra. In addition, the results confirmed the adoption of the orchestra as an arena during the transformation of the theatre in Roman times. Below the natural bedrock of the hill, a layer of river gravels was documented, which was probably used as a supporting level for the theatre _cavea_. The only remains of the Hellenistic _cavea_ were recorded in the cut feature V. In a layer of stone rubble, three inscribed _geison_ blocks containing traces of red paint, were revealed. The inscription read: MARKIOSA I ULOUUIO I STARANTINOSANA. Also, in sector T (the stoa area) an _in situ_ stylobate block of the western facade of the stoa was uncovered. A long robber trench was noted in this area, which shows that the corridor of the stoa was approximately 5m wide. The same was observed during the excavation of 1976, in trench 37. Also, the excavations proved that the arms of the stoa were longer that had been so far assumed. In sectors B and C, at the terrace extended to the west of the theatre’s stoa, a dwelling with brick walls, which is likely to date at the 4th – 3rd Centuries BC, was uncovered. It is obvious that a relationship between the terrace and the theatre existed. Also, a possible relationship between the theatre and the magistral road were tracked in sector H. While in sector O, the removal of stone blocks which were accumulated from the previous excavations initiated. The anomalies observed in the upper part of the _cavea_ (aligned more or less in the axis of the orchestra) during the geo radar investigations of 2008, led to the opening of the new sector D. The excavations in sector D, revealed parts of the upper enclosing wall of the _cavea_, which runs parallel to the orthostat wall, and ends approximately 7-8 m south of the northern enclosure. Bricks wall lines joined with mud mortar were documented in this area. Also, traces of 4th – 3rd Centuries houses were noted in sector E, which has been probably destroyed for creating a ground for maneuver at the time of the theatre’s construction. A diversity of artifacts were revealed, dating from the 4th – 3rd BC to the 2nd – 3rd Centuries AD.
    • The archaeological excavations in the Theater of Apollonia took place in two phases, in the period from June 4 – 15 July, and 12 – 25 September, and were focused on three main sectors, which were O, K and E. In sector O, excavations were focused on the surface of the orchestra/arena, and the natural floor was reached. A series of contexts testify the transformations that the Hellenistic orchestra underwent, starting from the first century b.CPPart of this processwas the removal of the first row of steps of the cavea as well as the eastern part of the Hellenistic proscenium, thus benefiting a relatively large area of the arena, that take now a circular in shape. Also, during the excavations in this sector, many small pits came to light, testifying to various constructive interventions, as well as two large pits, which can be thought to have served to house the animals that were used in the performances that were given in the amphitheater, or for any other function related to it. Sector K lies on the eastern and southern sides of the koilon. Due to the looting of stones and landslides, we have a transformation of this area. Under these conditions, it was thought to realize a modeling of the entire area, in order to achieve a view as close as possible to the original. Achieving such a level required the removal of landslides and then the modeling process. During the works to achieve this objective, many finds were collected, mainly ceramics, dated from the first through third centuries AD and less of the second and first centuries b.C. No seat or staircase was found in situ during the excavations. Excavations in sector E, which is located in the upper eastern part of the koilon, revealed the position of an insulae and its extent with dimensions: length 70 m and width 12 m. In order to further follow different construction structures, it was continued with the opening of trenches II, III, IV and V. Dwellings were placed on foundations built with unworked limestone, on the rows of which tiles were also placed in some cases. The walls of the buildings were made of bricks measuring 38/40 x 38/40 x 8cm, while the floor was made of beaten earth. Another group of walls show us that in this space must be several dwellings, which must have been built in different phases, as can be understood from the different construction techniques. The finds documented in this area date mainly from the fifth and fourth centuries b.C, up to the third, B. C, but there are also finds from the second and first centuries, albeit in limited numbers.
    • Excavations in the theater of Apollonia in 2014 took place in the period from September 15 to 24 October. The objective for this year was to continue the excavations in the area of the northern parodos. The total area excavated measured 8 x 6.50 m and includes a part of the northern parados, the northern corner of the scenoi, the northern and eastern walls of the so-called "brick building" as well as the western wall of the brick building and the eastern wall of the stoas. Meanwhile, a trench was also excavated in the area of the central drainage channel. In total, 5 construction phases were identified, related to the scene and its surroundings. Trench XII documented a block of the plinth of the stoa's stylobate, which was connected to the brick pavement, as noted in the older trench. In trench XIII, a few meters further in the direction of street H, the corner of a looting pit of the stoa was documented, while during the expansion of the excavation from the east, the back wall of the stoa was traced. The preserved bricks (46 x 46 x 8 cm, bound with mud) as well as the width of the pit show that the narrow, southern part of the stoa was formed by a wall with a row of bricks. A 2 m long tract was discovered from the back wall of the stoa, the construction of which seems to have gone through two phases. This year, the excavation at the northern end of the stoa was concentrated only on the western part of the trench and extended towards the south, in a limited area of 1.8 m x 1.6 m. Excavation in this area went to the natural floor. During the excavations, a wall constructed with brick, with a north-south orientation was documented. The wall has a preserved length of 3 m wide. At the northern end of the wall, another partially conserved wall was documented. This tract is part of the north wall of the stoa. The floor of the stoa in this area consisted of clay, the layers of which are also seen in the profiles. Behind the back of the wall of the stoa was placed a thick layer of rubble, which served to raise the ground. Through trenches XV and XVI it was possible to locate the northern end of stoa. Traces of 7 columns and a semi-column at the northern end are preserved in the stylobates. In five of them can be distinguished the iron brackets placed on the lead platform, in more or less concentric shapes. The lead sheet served as a foundation for the columns. The base of the stoa has a slope to the south, so it is likely that the construction had static problems, which could have been solved by using the layer of lead poured under the columns. During the excavations, it was possible to determine the width of the parodos which was 8 m, and also the northern and southern extremes of the stoa. The stoa measured 76.80 m long and about 6 m wide.

Bibliography

    • H. von Hesberg, 2011, Apollonia (Albania), in projects of Deutsche Archäologische Institut: http://www.dainst.org/de/project/apollonia?ft=all
    • S. Shpuza, 2011, Kronikë e gërmimeve 2009-2010, in Iliria XXXIV: 387-410.
    • B. LAHI, M. FRIEDLER., (2013) Teatri i Apollonisë 2012, Iliria, 37, p. 315 – 321.
    • https://www.persee.fr/doc/iliri_1727-2548_2013_num_37_1_2446
    • B. LAHI, M. FRIEDLER., (2014) APOLONIA – Gërmime në teatrin e Apollonisë, 2014, Iliria, 38, p. 221 – 227.
    • https://www.persee.fr/doc/iliri_1727-2548_2014_num_38_1_2477