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  • Antique city of Dimal
  • Krotinë
  • Dimal
  • Albania
  • Berat County
  • Bashkia Ura Vajgurore
  • Cukalat

Credits

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Monuments

Periods

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Chronology

  • 480 BC - 30 BC

Season

    • After 50 years of interruption, a new archaeological season initiated the excavation in the ancient city of Dimal. Several trenches were opened during this season, which would help in understanding the stratigraphical sequences of the area known as the “acropolis”. The “acropolis” consists of a system of artificial terraces surrounding the entire hilltop of Dimal. In total 7 trenches were dug, at different areas of the hill: trenches 1, 2, 3, and 5 to the east, while to the west trenches 4, 6, and 7. The excavation of trenches 1 and 5 opened at the foot of the hill, near the previously discovered stoa of the city, intended to identify the building structures located behind the stoa (trench 1), define a construction dating for the stoa (trenches 1 and 5), and discover its remaining floor (trench 5). A rectangular building of 5 x 5 m, which used the stoa’s rear wall as its own back wall, was revealed in trench 1. Differently from the wall of the stoa, the foundation of the new building was constructed on a higher artificial terrace. In the façade of the building, a doorway 2 m wide was revealed. Similar rooms seem to exist along the entire length of the rear wall of the stoa, though their plans are not clearly distinguishable at this phase of the excavation. The extension of the excavation in trench 1, revealed the _in situ_ traces of a foundation (large stone block). Though found in a distance of 10 m to the south of the rectangular building, there was no stratigraphic association between these two features. Also, an east-west running massive foundation wall was uncovered at the same level as the buildings found behind the stoa. It seems that other public buildings, or perhaps another stoa, were located in this area of the city. The excavations of trench 5 were unfortunately unable to reveal the floor level of the Stoa, which was probably entirely damaged during the excavations of the last century. On the other hand, the extension of the trench toward the porticus of the stoa, revealed a foundation of 2 m wide, on which the basement blocks of the columns were laid. In order to define the date of the fortified wall of the ancient city, another trench was opened near the wall niche, where the earlier foundations of a tower of a former wall were visible. The tower walls are 2, 1 m wide and consist of large squared stone blocks, preserved at a high of three courses. It seems that in a later period, both the surrounding and niche walls were covered up by artificial soil deposits which formed a new terrace laid above them. The stratigraphic sequence revealed in this and the niche walls, shows that the latter belongs to a later period, and is likely to have blocked a 30 m destruction hiatus of the fortification. The niches were built directly above the older fortification of the city. Rubble stones and numerous fragmented ceramic wares and tiles were revealed in the upper layer of trench 3 (4 x 7 m). Two north-south running laterally walls were uncovered in the lower layer of this trench. While in the trenches opened to the western side of the hill, traces of the ancient theatre of the city were identified for the first time.
    • From July the 17th to August the 14th of 2011, a second and last archaeological season was undertaken in the hilly settlement of the Illyrian city of Dimal. The excavations at the acropolis, located on the higher hill of the city, revealed the remains of a temple along with several other public monuments of the Hellenistic period. In addition, a medieval small church was identified above the ruins of one of the Hellenistic structures. The _in situ prohedriai_ seats were uncovered in the new trench opened between the first row of the theatre’s _cavea_ and the orchestra. The investigations carried out in the western side of the city, uncovered the ruins of a monumental gate way of the settlement, which was reinforced at both sides with two rectangular towers and overlooked the city of Apollonia. The tower appears to be of the same building technique with the walls of the Hellenistic enclosure of Apollonia, consisting of large size stone blocks of regular shape at the lower parts and well baked bricks at the upper parts of the wall. The further excavations in the city’s agora uncovered a number of domestic and handicraft structures. The data obtained during this excavation season, mainly the pottery along with the results of the geophysics, aided in the understanding of much of the urban development of the ancient city of Dimal. It seems that the first traces of habitation of the hill belong to the 5th - 4th Centuries BC, and relate to the acropolis and its surrounding wall. After the demolition of the surrounding wall, at the end of the 3rd and beginning of the 2nd Century BC, the city experienced a new investment in a building programme, including the monumental structures in the acropolis area, the theatre to the west and a new fortification of larger stone blocks encircling a wider territory of the city. Also, a new terracing system was built in the acropolis area after the destruction of the earlier structures. These fundamental changes are likely to relate to the historical events of the time: one week after the siege of 219 BC, during the first Roman – Macedonian war, the city was surrendered to the Roman Republic. Perhaps the demolition of the acropolis wall happened after the loss of city’s sovereignty, while the new phase of construction might have taken place during Roman times. The city’s continuity was due to its significant strategic role as a barrier against the Macedonian danger, like the city of Apollonia only a few tens of kilometres to the west. This strategic position demanded the construction of a new fortification system with solid walls and protective towers. The large quantity and typology of ceramic wares revealed suggests that the city reached its highest scale of economic development during the 2nd and the beginning of the 1st Century BC. During this time the settlement of Dimal had extensive trade contacts with the city of Apollonia and with southern Italy, as shown by the identification of a large number of imported fine serving wares and wine amphorae. The lack of habitation traces of the Augustan age suggests that the city was abandoned for a shorter period at this time, perhaps due to a specific event, which remains as yet unknown.
    • During 2013, research in the ancient city of Dimal was focused on two sectors: that of the Acropolis of the city and the western gate of the fortification system. This year's excavations aimed at understanding the situation in the eastern part of the city's agora. Across the entire width of this area, a square grid was positioned, with 4 x 4 m squares (A1, B1, etc.), where a total of 14 trenches were opened. While two other trenches, obliged by the shape of the terrain had different sizes. At the end of the excavation, it was proved that in this space we have constructions that date back to the period of late antiquity. As for the earliest layers, they were found only in one of the trenches. From the preliminary analysis of the archaeological material, it seems that they date to the first phase of the expansion of the Acropolis, exactly in the IV – III B. C. In the excavation areas A8, A9 and B8, the later stages of the area's development, precisely from the century II – I B. C. were encountered. A construction which is unusual in several ways was also discovered, It apparently must have consisted of only one room with dimensions of 6 x 4 m and an L – shaped wall closes the building to the west, while on the east side the building rests on the natural rock. In front of this wall, the remains of a layer of stones and bricks were encountered, which covers the natural rock platform (0.5 m x 1.5 m). During a second phase, the structure was equipped with a second room, trapezoidal in shape (5 x 4 m), with an entrance from the west. The function of this construction is unclear. In the rest of the sector of the upper agora, a later construction was discovered, consisting of several rooms. The state of preservation of the structures makes it difficult to determine whether these rooms belong to a single large construction, or whether we are dealing with several smaller constructions. The second sector where archaeological research was concentrated during 2013 was the western gate. During the excavations in this sector, the remains of the tower of the gate and a room of the gate were brought to light. The latter, due to its location in a depression of the terrain, was covered by several meters of sediments, belonging to the post-antique layers. Based on the form of construction, the tower presents the same characteristics as its counterpart, the southern tower. The floor plan is approximately square, measuring 8.3 m × 6.7 m. The outer walls have a thickness of up to 2.1 m: we are dealing with large stone blocks, three rows of which are preserved in the southeast corner. Above the rows of stone blocks is the construction of baked brick walls (45 cm x 24 cm x 8 cm). Traces of this technique are preserved in the western part and in the southeast corner of the tower.
    • During 2014, in the Illyrian city of Dimal, archaeological research was conducted during the period from July-August, and was concentrated in the extra-mural space, in the necropolis areas. Thus, an area measuring 10m x 15m was excavated and the presence of three graves was identified. Graves with no. 6 and 7 were without structure and as rite was used the inhumation. The skeleton was placed on its back and some of its bones were not preserved. The graves had a rich inventory and were found some decorative elements of clothing, two bronze rings, an iron spear, two bronze vessels, a bronze coin, an iron object, etc. Based on the data obtained from the study of the archaeological material, we think that these graves can be dated to the first half of the third century BC. Two other graves were found a few meters south of graves 6 and 7. These had a structure and a diameter about 2.8m and 4m, and belong to two different burials. Only one of these tombs was excavated and inside was identified a box composed with four tiles. Since no traces of burning were identified, the authors of the excavation think that we are dealing with a child's grave. The tomb had a small inventory: only a black-glazed jug. Two other trench were opened on a plateau outside the walls. After the completion of the excavations in these two trenches, it was possible to identify a structure that can most likely be connected to a baptistery. The structure has the shape of a cross and for its construction Hellenistic bricks were used . The baptistery bathtub measures 2.7m east-west and 2.1m north-south. Its interior is plastered with hydraulic mortar. It is thought to have had two phases of use, and most likely belongs to the fifth-sixth century AD.

Bibliography

    • N. Fenn, M. Heinzelmann, I. Klenner, B. Muka, 2011, Report of the first season ‘Dimal in Illyria’ 2010, in http://archaeologie.uni-koeln.de/files/dimal_2010.pdf
    • M. Heinzelmann, B. Muka, N. Schöndeling, 2011, Zweite Forschungskampagne in Dimal (Albanien), in http://archaeologie.uni-koeln.de/Projektmeldungen#Zweite%20Forschungskampagne%20in%20Dimal%20%28Albanien%29
    • B. MUKA, M. HEINZELMANN., (2015) Kërkimet arkeologjike në Dimal 2013 – 2014, Iliria, 38, p. 227 – 239.
    • https://www.persee.fr/doc/iliri_1727-2548_2014_num_38_1_2478
    • B. MUKA, M. HEINZELMANN., (2014) Kërkimet arkeologjike në Dimal 2013 – 2014, Iliria, 38, p. 227 – 239.