During the excavation of trench 3 an oval hole cut into a thick beaten tufa surface with an opening towards the north-west was uncovered. The fill contained numerous fragments of impasto pottery and bones, including a pigs mandible. This was probably a midden, built in the early medieval period, as suggested by the many fragments of domestic cooking wares (mainly jars). (MiBAC)

The San Giuliano Archaeological Research Project (SGARP) is a new transdisciplinary project that targets the archaeological past of San Giuliano, a site located approximately 70 km northwest of Rome within Marturanum Park in Lazio. SGARP’s goal is to reconstruct the long-term changes in human occupation of the San Giuliano plateau and the surrounding hills. Hundreds of rock-cut Etruscan tombs ring the plateau, while the plateau was likely the site of the associated Etruscan town. We seek to investigate the Etruscan occupation and understand the transitions that followed, including incorporation into the Roman Empire, transformations in the medieval settlement pattern, and the final abandonment of the site sometime before AD 1300. SGARP’s inaugural season of fieldwork comprised mapping, survey, and excavation of the plateau and the Etruscan necropolis. We focused on three tasks: 1) documentation and registration of the rock-cut Etruscan tombs that ring the plateau, 2) salvage excavation of two select tombs, and 3) survey, mapping, and excavation atop the San Giuliano plateau. The SGARP team conducted a pedestrian survey to locate, map, and register the visible Etruscan tombs in the area surrounding San Giuliano. The 2016 survey was conducted using a systematic methodology of 10 m transects coupled with an opportunistic survey of likely tomb locations. The first season resulted in the registration of 471 tombs that concentrate on the escarpments of the surrounding hills/plateaus: Caiolo, Chiusa Cima, San Simone, and Greppo Cenale. In 2016, SGARP conducted salvage excavation of two Etruscan tombs: Tomb E13-035 in the Caiolo tomb concentration, and Tomb G13-001 in the Chiusa Cima tomb concentration. Both tombs had been extensively looted and all excavated contexts were disturbed. Both tombs are simple rock cut tombs carved out of the volcanic tuff to look like the inside of houses, with carved couches for the dead. Ceramics recovered from E13-035 indicate a date of approximately 600 BC, while the ceramic assemblage inside Tomb G13-001 tentatively dates the tomb to the middle of the 6th century BC. Human remains from G13-001 indicate the presence of a minimum of six individuals, while only one femur was recovered from E13-035. SGARP targeted the medieval ruins visible in an area known as La Rocca. Mapping of the surface ruins of La Rocca identified a fortified zone with walls surrounding a small castle complex centered on a tower that, but for the base, has now collapsed. This castle complex was likely built as part of the incastellamento process that reshaped the Italian landscape in the 10th and 11th centuries. We positioned Trench 1 within the fortified zone between the southern edge of the plateau, the base of the collapsed tower, and the narrow gate leading up and into La Rocca. The exposure revealed 1) an external wall and the base of an associated tower or bastion that together comprised a secondary line of defense inside the fortified zone of La Rocca, 2) a relatively narrow pedestrian gate leading into the walled space, and 3) a cistern just outside the wall and gate.

The San Giuliano Archaeological Research Project (SGARP) is an interdisciplinary project that targets the archaeological past of San Giuliano, a site located approximately 70 km northwest of Rome within Marturanum Park in Lazio. The 2018 campaign was the project’s third consecutive season of work. SGARP’s goal is to reconstruct the long-term changes in human occupation of the San Giuliano plateau and the surrounding hills. Hundreds of rock-cut Etruscan tombs ring the plateau, while the plateau surface was likely the site of the associated Etruscan town. We seek to investigate the Etruscan occupation and understand the transitions that followed, including incorporation into the Roman Empire, transformations in the medieval settlement pattern, and the site’s final abandonment sometime before AD 1300. SGARP’s third season of fieldwork focused on four tasks: 1) documentation and registration of the rock-cut Etruscan tombs that ring the plateau, 2) salvage excavation of a selected Etruscan chamber tomb, 3) excavation of a Villanovan/Etruscan tomba a fossa; and 4) excavation atop the San Giuliano plateau. We have documented over 500 previously unmapped tombs with a standardized system of GPS, photography, and registration forms. In the 2016, 2017, and 2018 seasons, SGARP conducted salvage excavation of three Etruscan chamber tombs: Tomb E13-035, found in the Caiolo tomb concentration; and Tomb G13-001, located beneath the Tumolo Cima tumulus, and Tomb G12-060, positioned in the cluster of tombs around Tomba Rosi. All three tombs had been extensively looted and most contexts were disturbed. The exception was an external portion of Tomb G12-060 excavated in 2018, where a cremation urn was found intact and in situ. These salvage excavations of looted tombs show significant promise for recovery of artifacts and human bone. Atop San Simone hill we located and excavated an intact transitional Villanovan/Etruscan trench tomb (tomba a fossa) from ca. 700 BC that contained the deteriorated skeleton of an adult female with a full suite of accompanying objects, including 14 ceramic vessels (both hand-modeled and wheel-made) and 24 bronze objects (multiple fibulae, two matching arm bands, earrings, and tweezers). Within the medieval fortified zone at La Rocca, SGARP excavations to the south of the castle tower have revealed a courtyard with at least three storage pits/granaries subsequently used for trash deposition. A strong doorway leads from the courtyard into a long structure that possibly served as a communal hall. Finds including glassware, dice, and ceramic fineware suggest that this was a place where people of substantial means dined (probably the elite or the castle owners’ soldiers), while zooarchaeological analysis indicates the consumption and disposal of meat animals. The 2018 excavation centered primarily on structural modifications that had been added to this communal hall, as well as the excavation of a courtyard area to the north of the hall. This courtyard area had several sub-surface pits, but no structural remains contemporaneous with the hall. The open area likely connected the hall to a probable chapel building that lay further north, as well as to the fortified tower.