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  • Iuvanum
  • Santa Maria di Palazzo
  •  
  • Italy
  • Abruzzo
  • Province of Chieti
  • Montenerodomo

Credits

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Monuments

Periods

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Chronology

  • 400 BC - 500 AD

Season

    • In 2007 excavation in the south-eastern sector of the forum recommenced and the western sector (where a single trench had been dug in 1980) was extended. In the south-eastern sector, in an area covering about 216 m2, a complex of structures measuring 10 x 18 m, was uncovered. To the west it faced onto the line of the via Orientale, and developed on a north-east alignment. The structure was seen to be divided into four rooms: - Room V, 4.10 x 8 m, with an internal doorway to the east of room AA and a probable service entrance on the west side. - Room AA, probably 4.45 x 9.0 m, allowing about 2.50 m back from the edge of the road. It was linked to the west with room V, to the south with room AC. - Room AB, about 2.60 m x 4.40, accessed through room AC. - Room AC, 4.40 x 15.0 m, also allowing at least 2.50 m from the road edge. At the beginning of the excavation the ground surface was not level but gradually sloped downwards from west to east, where the effects of old surface activity had caused greater damage to the ancient structures below. On this side the preservation of the structures was minimal, the walls to the east of rooms AA and AC had not survived. Over time the surface of this area had become the site of a substantial accumulation of stones. Overall the rooms seemed to belong to a single property as they were all connected. The shape and size of room AC finds parallels in storage structures or those for housing animals. In some points the structures overlay earlier walls. Therefore, in the monumental centre of the town changes were already taking place in the late 2nd century A.D., perhaps due to the traumas produced by an earthquake which struck the central Apennines in the mid 2nd century A.D. The investigations undertaken in the western sector of the forum (Area 3) immediately produced interesting results with the exposure of a large rectangular room, two square rooms and a large entrance hall with an impluvium. The first room, on a north-south alignment, housed a production installation that was probably already in use during the mid-Imperial period. In particular, three dolia, still in situ, and part of the circular masonry base from below the millstone were preserved. The base was probably about 2.50 m in diameter but had been heavily damaged by agricultural machinery. The three dolia were aligned up against the south wall; two were sunken into an opus signinum floor and had no rims which had been broken by the ploughing that until recently had taken place on the site. The third dolium appeared free of the opus signinum and had broken edges, perhaps caused by an attempt to substitute the container or by the collapse of the floor itself under the weight of the detritus which surrounded it. To date the excavation has uncovered levels of fill and structures dated by a number of coins to within the 4th century A.D. The find of part of an impluvium in the entrance suggests the existence in this part of the town of Iuvanum, at the centre and abutting the administrative buildings, of a domus that was radically altered in the late antique period, the moment when the settlement and economic structures of the Roman world greatly changed giving life to a new social order.
    • The excavations undertaken between 12th July-13th August concentrated on the western sector of the forum. Area 4 (17,7 x 4,50 m), was opened to the west of the 2009 excavation (Area 3). _Area 3_ In Area 3 it was decided to only continue with the investigation of Room 4 and Room 3, as the walls of rooms 5 and 6 were linked to the new excavation area. _Room 3_ The layers identified and excavated in Room 3 related to cuts and fills from the various construction phases already identified in previous campaigns. Trenches were dug in the eastern part of the area, defined as the entrance. A lead pipe on a S-W alignment was found on an opus signinum floor. The discovery of a bronze follis below this floor provided a terminus post quem for the construction of the floor itself. _Room 4_ The removal of the fill from the pits was completed. A compact red layer was seen in correspondence with the eastern edges of the cut, probably relating to a floor surface that had been exposed to intense heat. The bottom of the pit, whose walls were lined with clay, was reached at a depth of -25.01. A tile with its lateral flanges facing upwards lay on the pit floor. Numerous parallelepiped glass paste tesserae were found both in the layers of fill and in those of the surrounding area. Also cut by pit US -938 were US954 tangent to USM866 to the north; 906 to the north-west; 871 to the west and 874 to the east. This layer, containing a considerable quantity of iron nails in the western zone, showed no signs of contact with heat as, on the contrary, was attested for most of the area in question. The use of this room for production rather than residential purposes was confirmed by the presence of charcoal and two non-contiguous tiles forming a cooking area. They presented the characteristic fractures caused by exposure to fire. In synthesis a continuity of use for this room may be surmised, which saw the overlaying of production phases identified by thin layers almost all of which preserving traces of exposure to fire. It was not possible to identify a floor level, however as the research stands, a certain continuity may be suggested between what seemed (in section) to be the upper limit of US -938, and the foundation offset visible in USM 866. _Area 4_ The walls all appeared preserved at a constant level. It seems plausible to suggest a voluntary levelling of the area with the destruction of the walls and subsequent accumulation of rubble. Inside Area 4 four rooms were identified, denominated Room 2, Room 3 _Impluvium_, Room 5 and Room 6. _Room 3 Impluvium_ The _impluvium_ structure was filled with a layer consisting almost entirely of limestone ashlar blocks and brick fragments, sandy-clay and a high density of tegulae, imbrices and plaster fragments of the type still _in situ_ in the surrounding structures. The presence of _tegulae_ in an oblique ascending position, below the perimeter cornice, suggests a sudden and violent collapse, perhaps caused by the earthquake of 346 A.D.?? below the collapse was the floor of the impluvium pool, built of limestone slabs. _Room 2_ The definition of different walls, all however belonging to one original structure, was dictated by the fact that part of wall USM 855 was seen to have been removed in order to create a niche. Polychrome wall plaster was still in situ on a section of the wall, whilst on the part further to the east two overlying layers of plaster were preserved.
    • The 2011 excavations concentrated on the south side of the _atrium_ of the _domus_ in the forum, Area 1, discovered in 2008. The building was occupied from the end of the 2nd/first decades of the 1st century B.C. until the end of the 4th century A.D., with several phases that have been grouped into four macro-phases. _I: late Republican period_ The first building had a Tuscan type atrium, 9.10 m wide, with the entrance to the east. To the north were the cubicula and to the south larger rooms. At the centre was an _impluvium_ built of rectangular limestone slabs of various sizes, with a moulded crepidine and a lead drainpipe exiting from the south-west corner. Patches of a white cement floor with rows of black limestone tesserae (3x3 cm) provide dating evidence. _II: Julio-Claudian period_ The _domus_ occupied a central position on the west side of the new forum. The fact that entrance was in line with the forum’s bronze dedicatory inscription indicates the existence of a unitary propagandistic project, and underlines the importance of this residence. No substantial changes were made to the _domus_, while to the east the walls of the shops, forming the western edge of the forum, were built. _III. 2nd-3rd century A.D._ Hundreds of black and white mosaic tesserae (0.5 x 0.5 cm) were found at the base of a number of walls. Transparent “hyaline” tesserae, in clear glass with gold-leaf and a glass protective plaque, were found close to the north wall of Room 2-Area 4, by a niche. A _podium_ of broken tegulae and small marble tiles fixed with iron tenons, was added to the _lararium_ on the south side of the atrium. The impression left by an altar was also documented. The _impluvium_ was enclosed by a low wall of broken _tegulae_ faced with white plaster, and a fountain standing on small pillars built inside it in the western half. Traces of the base remained. The _atrium_ was narrowed at the fauces, lengthening the entrance; the main doorway was enlarged, lengthening the threshold and adding a smaller one. The interventions relating to the shop to the south-east saw the construction of a new supporting wall at the south-east corner of the _atrium_, with foundation, while the corresponding north-east wall was built as a partition wall, standing directly on the floor. Collapsed floors revealed a sewer drain in the south rooms; a wall was repaired in a make- shift fashion using such materials as a column drum, cavity pipe and pottery jug. This was followed by the shoring up of the ceiling (the posthole was visible in the floor), and the size of the room was reduced by the creation of a partition wall (perhaps to try to block out the smell). The erosion of the substratum caused subsidence in the north-west corner of the _impluvium_. A follis, found below the mortar floor of the entrance to the domus, attests the final attempts to restore the floor. _IV: 4th century A.D._ Attempts were made to restore the floor by placing earth and tiles in the worst depressions. An iron for branding animals was found in a niche in the north room. The west internal wall of the _lararium_ was razed in order to create a passage between the _atrium_ and room S. The structures fell into ruin, perhaps as the result of the fire in the adjacent shop, Area 1, where a hoard of 31 bronze coins, dating to the last quarter of the 4th century A.D., was discovered.

Bibliography

    • E. Fabbricotti et alii, 1990, Iuvanum. Atti del Convegno di Studi, Chieti maggio 1983, Chieti.
    • E. Fabbricotti, 1992, Cambiamenti di vita a Iuvanum - I, Papers of the Fourth Conference of Italian Archaeology, London 1990, 4, London: 77-82.
    • P. Staffilani, 1992, Cambiamenti di vita a Iuvanum - II, Papers of the Fourth Conference of Italian Archaeology, London 1990, 4, London: 83-91.
    • G. Martella, 1995, La Terra Sigillata Adriatica, in Settlement and Economy 1500 B.C.-A.D. 1500. Papers of the Fifth Conference of Italian Archaeology, Oxford: 571-578.
    • O. Menozzi, 1995, La Ceramica a Pareti Sottili Grigie in Italia, in Settlement and Economy 1500 B.C.-A.D. 1500. Papers of the Fifth Conference of Italian Archaeology, Oxford: 579-590.
    • E. Fabbricotti et alii, 1996, Iuvanum. Atti del II Convegno di Studi, Chieti 1992, Pescara.
    • P. Staffilani, 2001, Una stalla per equidi a Iuvanum, in Majella gente e luoghi, 1: 53-64.
    • P. Staffilani, 2003, Montenerodomo (CH): località Iuvanum, in W. Pellegrinia (cura di), Il grano, l’olio, il vino, Teramo: 68.
    • S. Lapenna (a cura di), 2006, Iuvanum. L’area archeologica, Synapsi Edizioni, Sulmona.
    • R. Papi, 2011, Iuvanum e il territorio carricino, in Fides Amicorum. Studi in onore di Carla Fayer, a cura di Giulio Firpo (Dipartimento di Studi Classici dall’Antico al Contemporaneo, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara), Pescara: 339-350.