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  • S’Elighe Entosu
  • Sos Paris de Fummosas
  •  
  • Italy
  • Sardinia
  • Province of Sassari
  • Usini

Credits

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Monuments

Periods

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Chronology

  • 2100 BC - 2000 BC
  • 4100 BC - 2900 BC
  • 1700 BC - 400 AD

Season

    • Following research undertaken between 2006 and 2009, in 2011 excavations reopened on the necropolis of S’Elighe Entosu. Within the new project, the main aim was to continue excavating tomb IV, in particular the dromos and chamber b. Work was hampered by the difficulty in excavating the layers in contact with the walls and floor of the tomb. In fact, the nature of the limestone rock had produced a radical alteration in the soil leading to its partial or total concretion. In the corridor several cobbled surfaces were identified, which seemed to date to the middle Bronze Age (preliminary dating prior to analyses). In some cases they covered a layer of uniform soil, containing small stones, which may be interpreted as a make up for the cobbled surface. The substantial concentrations of baked clay and charcoal present in the first stretch of the dromos, in the absence of hearths/combustion structures, may relate to fires lit for ritual purposes. In room b, the accumulation of pottery fragments close to the wall separating the chamber from the _dromos_, which probably collapsed during the middle Bronze Age, was planned at 1:1 due to the high concentration of materials, and then removed. Continuation of the excavation across the entire surface revealed the remains of a floor paved with large polygonal slabs, only well-preserved in patches. A structure built of smaller slabs, delimiting a rectangular area, emerged in the north-eastern corner. Traces of two other structures seemed to emerge, one close to the north-western wall and the other towards the south-western wall. The latter was built using slabs removed from the paving. In the remaining part of the room a series of beaten earth floors was exposed. Surface US 63 was of particular interest, lying within a limited and well-preserved surface allowing a first macroscopic analysis, prior to sampling for micro-morphological analysis. Its upper part comprised a layer of very fine calcareous paste finished with a very uniform floor surface; the underlying part contained small lumps of limestone forming the skeleton of the layer. The beaten surface overlay structure US 64 and close by the latter was cut by a small pit containing an accumulation of pottery.
    • In 2016, excavations took place on tomb IV of the _domus_ _de_ _janas_ necropolis. The work concentrated on the anterior section of the_ dromos_ and adjacent chamber b. In both spaces, all layers close to the walls showed substantial alteration. In chamber b, the excavation of US 104 (a surface of small horizontal slabs and small polygonal stones, containing abundant finds) revealed a floor of stone slabs US 100, across the surface of the chamber and the transition zone to the corridor. This surface had been partially uncovered during the previous campaign. It was characterised by medium and large slabs and polygonal blocks, arranged horizontally, with medium and small blocks and slabs wedged between them, vertically and diagonally. The partial excavation of the layer showed that the larger blocks and slabs characterised the base of the floor structure. In the _dromos_, US 100 joined with two phases of overlying cobblestone floors (Us 111 and 112). Worthy of note, the discovery two more fragments of betilino (miniature nuraghe), four being found during previous campaigns. These objects were linked to the rituals of the middle Bronze Age phases. Most of the finds recovered during this season’s excavations date to this period. In parallel with the excavations, work continued on the photogrammetry survey with APR, in collaboration with Oben s.r.l., a spin-off of Sassari University. During the months preceding the excavations, in collaboration with Oben, innovative methodologies in the field of remote sensing were used in the area of S’Leigh Entosu, integrating UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) with LiDAR thermal infrared imaging.
    • This season, work on tomb IV in the _domus_ _de_ _janus_ necropolis concentrated on the anterior part of the _dromos_ and adjacent room b, where the excavation was completed. In both zones, all stratigraphic units next to the walls were affected by severe alterations. The intervention in the corridor was limited to the excavation of US 112 and 114, corresponding with the phases of flooring and subsequent restructuring, characterised by cobblestone surfaces, polygonal stones, and small slabs. A photogrammetric survey was undertaken in the corridor, with the collaboration of Oben s.r.l., a spin-off of Sassari University. In chamber b, the paving slabs (US 100) partially made of reused worked blocks from earlier structures were removed. Beneath lay a series of badly-preserved occupation layers. These consisted of the remains of a beaten crushed limestone surface (US 115), cobblestone surfaces, well-preserved in limited areas (US 116 and 119), an extensive very compact layer (US 117), a central zone with evidence of burning (US 121, 123), probably a badly-preserved hearth, with irregular edges, and areas with a high concentration of charcoal (US 123). There was a beaten crushed limestone surface across almost the whole area, overlaying the floor, only preserved to a thickness of c. 20 cm by the north-west wall. In the rest of the chamber it had been almost completely removed (residual to a maximum thickness of 2 cm), as attested by visible cuts and holes. Adjacent to the entrance wall there was a very compact fine-grained layer (US 122) and the beaten lime surface was not present in this strip. Two irregular holes opened in the floor, probably natural in origin, a shallow sub-oval pit, and a circular cup-mark with a flat floor.

FOLD&R

    • Maria Grazia Melis. 2011. Usini, necropoli di S’Elighe Entosu – Relazione di scavo 2011. FOLD&R Italy: 242.

Bibliography

    • D’Anna, A. Melis, M.G. Tramoni, P. 2007, Notiziario. S’Elighe Entosu (Usini, prov. di Sassari), Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche LVII: 468.
    • Melis, M. G. D’Anna, A. 2009, Notiziario. S’Elighe Entosu (Usini, prov. di Sassari), Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche LIX: 400.
    • Melis M.G. (a cura di), 2010, Usini. Ricostruire il passato. Una ricerca internazionale a S’Elighe Entosu, Sassari: 312.
    • Melis, M. G., D’Anna, A., Cappai, R., Guendon, J. L., Manca, L., Piras, S., Soula, F. 2011, Una ricerca internazionale e interdisciplinare nel territorio di Usini (Sassari): la necropoli a domus de janas di S’Elighe Entosu, Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche LXI.
    • Balsi, M., Esposito, S., P. Fallavollita, Melis, M. G., Milanese, M. Multi‐sensor aerial archaeological survey and pre‐excavation site assessment, in 2° Convegno Internazionale di Archeologia Aerea “Dagli aerostati ai droni: le immagini aeree in Archeologia”, Roma, 3-5 febbraio 2016, in corso di stampa.
    • Melis, M. G., Porqueddu, 2016, Architecture, creusement et évolution des hypogées à la fin du Néolithique : la nécropole de S'Elighe Entosu (Sassari, Sardaigne), XIe Rencontres Méridionales de Préhistoire Récente « De la tombe au territoire » et Actualité de la Recherche, Montpellier – 25/27 septembre 2014.
    • Melis, M. G., Porqueddu, M. E. 2015, New documentation on digging techniques of the prehistoric funerary hypogea of the western Mediterranean, Origini: 129-150.
    • Melis, M. G. 2015, S’Elighe Entosu, Fasti on line, http://www.fastionline.org/excavation/micro_view.php?fst_cd=AIAC_2823&curcol=sea_cd-AIAC_4048
    • Esposito S., Fallavollita P., Melis M.G., Balsi M., Jankowski S., UAS Imaging for Archaeological Survey and Documentation, Proc. SPIE 8903, Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments, ,Wilga, Poland, May 27, 2013, edited by Ryszard S. Romaniuk) 2013, Vol. 8903 89030K-1 (October 25, 2013); doi: 10.1117/12.2035318; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2035318
    • Fallavollita P., Balsi M., Esposito S., Melis M.G., Milanese M., Zappino L., UAS for archaeology. New perspectives on aerial documentation, in Grenzdörffer G. and Bill R. (Eds), International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/W2, 2013, UAV-g2013, 4–6 September 2013, Rostock, Germany, pp. 131-135. ISSN 2194-9034 http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-1-W2/
    • Melis M. G., Fallavollita P., Esposito S., Balsi M. 2013, UAS for Archaeology. New technologies for research and documentation, in Vermeulen F., Corsi C. (eds.), Non-destructive approaches to complex archaeological sites in Europe: a round-up, Radio-Past Colloquium, Ghent, 15-17 January 2013, Ghent, RADIO-PAST, E-publication – ISBN 978-94-6197-109-8: 75-76.
    • Melis M. G., Marras G., 2007, “Nuovi dati sull'ipogeismo funerario della Sardegna settentrionale: la necropoli di S'Elighe Entosu a Usini (Sassari)”, 128e Congrès des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Relations, échanges et coopération en Méditerranée, Bastia, du 14 au 21 avril 2003, CTHS, Paris, pp. 143-151.
    • Melis M. G., 2016, a cura di, Usini. Nuove ricerche a S’Elighe Entosu, Quaderni del LaPArS 2, Sassari, Università di Sassari – LaPArS, pp. 9-32 ISBN 9788890767838 ISSN 2385-0701 http://www.lapars.it/it/pubblicazioni