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  • San Martino
  • Torano
  •  
  • Italy
  • Lazio
  • Province of Rieti
  • Borgorose

Credits

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Periods

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Chronology

Season

    • The site is located outside the town of Torano di Borgorose, at an elevation of 750 masl, on a hill slope with a commanding view of the valley below. The site is dominated by the medieval church of San Martino, the southwest corner of which was built on an ancient wall in polygonal masonry. Further archaeological remains were discovered in the early 2000s when a large area of soil to the north of the church was removed during renovation of the church. A stratigraphic section approximately 34 meters long and 3.5 meters deep was revealed, and in 2007 the section was cleaned to facilitate archaeological study. Structural remains and artifacts visible in the section belong to a span of time that runs, without significant interruption, from the republican period to the present. Uncovered at the base of the area of soil removal was a large ceramic jar set in _opus signinum_. Excavation of the section itself in the years 2007-2011 revealed part of a room with, inside, a small circular structure of uncertain function. The internal structure featured three levels of paving and evidence of a tiled roof. A fracture in one of the walls is perhaps earthquake damage. To the west, at a lower stratigraphic level, three large stones may be the degraded remnants of an earlier wall. Further west, beyond a cistern of relatively recent date, excavation revealed a wall composed of large blocks set without mortar. This wall, which is parallel to the polygonal wall on which the church is built, served to delineate the northern extreme of the ancient terrace on which the structures stood. Immediately south of the newly discovered wall was a second, parallel wall, of uncertain function, composed of reused roof tiles and stones set with mortar. Perpendicular to this is a tank lined with opus signinum. Preliminary analysis of the objects found in stratigraphic contexts from this part of the site indicates that the final period of use was in late antiquity. Residual material no longer in primary context included items from the republican and imperial periods. In general, the structural remains and objects found are consistent with a villa of the Roman to late antique period, at which time the site apparently suffered a violent destruction. Work was also carried out in 2008-2010 in an open field west of the church. Magnetometric studies revealed several north-south linear anomalies and one north-east to south-west anomaly. In one trench excavation uncovered three lines of stones at a shallow depth; these may pertain to tombs—which are certainly present in connection with the church—but further work is needed to verify this hypothesis. The excavation of a second trench revealed, at a depth of 1.89 meters, a stratum with many fragments of pottery from the Chalcolithic period. An area characterized by the presence of reddish-yellow to orange clay may pertain to a hut of the same period, although further excavation is needed.
    • In the 2013 season, work was focused on the area of the site with remains interpreted as belonging to a Roman-period and late antique villa. Stratigraphic excavations were continued in the interior of the room with an internal semicircular structure, the object of excavations also in previous field seasons (2007-2011). The paving stones of the floor within the semicircular structure were removed, and excavation below the paving confirmed the existence of habitation levels within the larger room during the imperial period, in the time before the late antique phase documented in previous excavations within the same room. Of particular interest is a thick stratigraphic level characterized by the presence of many roof tile fragments and large concentrations of carbonized wood. This level, presumably related to the collapse of the roof, provides evidence of devastation of the room, probably in the fourth or fifth century AD. Also investigated in 2013 was the feature, immediately to the west of the room, composed of a line of very large rocks with an east-west orientation, possibly to be interpreted as a wall (USM 8). This feature, given its relative elevation and also the stratigraphic evidence, was no longer functional when the nearby room was in use. Removal of the two easternmost of the large rocks revealed a cut below the rocks that contained a fill composed of frequent fist-sized stones mixed with soil. Artifacts found in the fill seem to date within the span of time from the late republican to the early imperial period.
    • In the 2014 season, work was again focused on the area of the site with remains interpreted as belonging to a Roman-period and late antique villa. Stratigraphic excavations were continued in the interior of the room with an internal semicircular structure. The semicircular structure itself was removed, and the fourth- or fifth-century AD level of roof collapse identified in 2013 was completely uncovered within the room, including in the zone underneath the semicircular structure. Investigations were also carried out in the complex of buildings to the west of this room, beyond the cistern of relatively recent date that separates the two areas with remains of the villa. Work here provided significant new information about the nature and relationship of the structures already uncovered in this part of the site in the years 2008-2011. To the south of the northern terrace wall, excavations in 2014 revealed the presence of a portico, oriented north-south, with a beaten earth floor. The north end of the portico seems to coincide with the previously revealed east-west wall composed of reused roof tiles and stones set with mortar. The portico also lies immediately to the west of the tank lined with _opus_ _signinum_ that was excavated in 2011. The collapsed roof of the portico was uncovered ¬_in_ _situ_ , and the areas of the roof that were exposed were then fully excavated. Artifacts were scant within and below the remains of the roof itself; these are currently under study to provide information about the chronology of the roof and its collapse. The roof showed extensive signs of burning and seems to confirm the hypothesis that the site underwent a violent destruction, possibly caused by an earthquake and/or a landslide.
    • In the 2015 excavation season, work was continued in the area of the site with remains interpreted as belonging to a Roman-period and late antique villa. Excavation of late antique strata pre-dating the sixth century AD was carried out in the room previously uncovered in eastern part of the site. In particular, the level of destruction and roof collapse dateable to the fifth century AD was investigated. In the complex of structures in the western part of the site, the remaining areas of the late antique stratum featuring the burnt and collapsed roof of the portico—probably contemporary with the roof collapse in the eastern part of the site—were excavated to sterile soil. This work uncovered a series of circular depressions into the sterile soil that provide evidence of buried dolia or storage jars that were removed in the final phase of use of the portico. In addition, some of the depressions had subsequently been reused as trash pits and filled with mosaic tesserae and broken pottery. Artifacts from this area are currently under study to provide further data concerning the chronology of the roof and its collapse.

Bibliography

    • E. Colantoni, G. Colantoni, A. D’Eredità, M.R. Lucidi, 2012, Materiali ceramici di età romana e tardo-antica dall’area archeologica di San Martino a Torano di Borgorose (Rieti), in Lazio e Sabina 8: 181-186.
    • E. Colantoni, G. Colantoni, M. R. Lucidi, 2011, Testimonianze di età preistorica, romana e medievale dall'area archeologica di San Martino a Torano (Borgorose, Rieti): le campagne di scavo 2008-2009, in Lazio e Sabina 7: 157-163.
    • E. Colantoni, G. Colantoni, K.J. McDonnell, 2009, Indagini archeologiche presso la chiesa di San Martino a Torano, in Lazio e Sabina 5: 133-139.
    • E. Colantoni, G. Colantoni, M.R. Lucidi, J.A. Stevens, F. Tommasi, 2015, La ceramica dai contesti tardo antichi di San Martino di Torano (Borgorose RI), in Le forme della crisi. Produzioni ceramiche e commerce nell’Italia central tra Romani e Longobardi (III-VIII sec. d.C.), Atti del Convegno (Spoleto-Campello sul Clitunno, 5-7 Ottobre 2012), edited by Enrico Cirelli, Francesca Diosono and Helen Patterson, Ante Quem, Bologna: 493-498.
    • E. Colantoni, G. Colantoni, M.R. Lucidi, J.A. Stevens, F. Tommasi, 2015, La ceramica dai contesti tardo antichi di San Martino di Torano (Borgorose RI), in Le forme della crisi. Produzioni ceramiche e commerce nell’Italia central tra Romani e Longobardi (III-VIII sec. d.C.), Atti del Convegno (Spoleto-Campello sul Clitunno, 5-7 Ottobre 2012), edited by Enrico Cirelli, Francesca Diosono and Helen Patterson, Ante Quem, Bologna: 493-498.