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  • Urban area of Hadrianopolis
  • Sofratike
  • Hadrianopolis/Ioustinianoupolis
  • Albania
  • Gjirokastër County
  • Bashkia Dropull
  • Komuna e Dropullit i Poshtëm

Credits

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Periods

  • No period data has been added yet

Chronology

  • 300 BC - 700 AD

Season

    • During the year 2006 excavations were located in another area, which is part of the urban quarter of the city, approximately 116 m to the north of the theatre. Initially the area was cleared of the soil layers accumulated through the years. The clearance revealed that the drainage ditch cuts through one of the structures, reaching down to the floor level. This enabled the identification of 5 habitation phases. The first phase relates to a limestone floor layer. In a second phase the floor was destroyed and rebuilt utilizing reused materials. Also, at this phase the floor was cut by a wall which stands perpendicular to the channel. The third phase represents an abandonment layer. The successor phase bears signs of abandonment as confirmed by the presence of a black soil layer that is probably related to the demolition of earlier walls. In the later phase new walls were built. Their foundations were laid on the walls of the classical period.
    • The archaeological excavations of 2007 carried out at the ancient city of Hadrianopolis were located in the urban area to the north of the theatre. The excavations covered a surface area of 1200 m2, and the archaeological strata were founded approximately 2, 5 m below the modern layers, after having removed all the upper sterile soils. The excavation continued in the monumental buildings identified during the previous seasons, where the principal phases of occupation of the urban area were recorded. The earlier occupation layers revealed in the eastern sector (north of the excavation), consist of clay-containing soil strata. These represent the most unstable traces of occupation of the urban area, only stratigraphically identified, apart from the presence of a floor layer built in rammed earth and brick fragments. The materials revealed in the earlier layer date to the late 1st Century AD. The discovery of a channel associated with several wall ruins, relate also to this phase. In a later phase, a structure of monumental dimensions was built in the area, of which, due to a series of interventions in the later centuries, is preserved only the wall on the western side. This structure seems to have been paved with well-joined limestone slabs 10 cm thick. The archaeological material related to the abandonment phase of the structure dates between the 2nd and the 3rd Centuries AD. The excavation data suggest that sometimes by the mid 3rd Century, a monumental structure, perhaps a public _thermae_, was built over the abandoned building. Of this, two rooms (one of an apsidal form) and an open area paved with limestone slabs were revealed. A reorganization of the inner spaces of the structure appears to have happened by the 4th Century AD, followed by other interventions in the floors and walls of its rooms. Between the 4-6th Centuries AD, another structure seems to have been built above the ruins of the public structures. Also, to this period dates another construction identified at the southern sector of the excavation area. The construction of this building within the free existing spaces, as well as its orientation, suggest for a church. Above the layers of another destruction layer, visible in all the sectors, the excavations revealed traces of a reorganization phase of the area around room 1, which seem to have happened during the 6th Century AD. To the east and west of the area two rectangular structures with apses were built. The last phases of occupation of the habitation area at Hadrianopololis, is associated with the discovery of a number of walls set perpendicularly to each other, which might have been used to encircle small agricultural properties.
    • The archaeological excavations of 2008 undertaken in the ancient city of Hadrianopolis were once again centered in the urban area, to the north of the theatre, specifically in the habitation complex known as the multi- phase public structure. The excavations suggest that the first phases of occupation of the site date to the 2nd Century BC, while the public structure which consists of a series of rooms organized around an opened courtyard was built in the 2nd Century AD. In two of the rooms, the excavations identified traces of the _suspensurae_ – brick piers holding a suspended floor which covered an area where warm air circulated (hypocaust). These rooms seem to belong to a _thermae_, part of the large construction complex. To the western side of the structure (outside its walls), the archaeological layers related to this period did not reveal any structural traces, indicating for an open space, functioning probably as a _porticus post scaenam_ of the theatre. The other next phase consists of deep levels of destruction and wall removal. The excavation data showed that in the beginning of the 6th Century, other new structures were built above these layers, including also a large public structure located in the open area, between the theatre and the _thermae_. Its orientation, which is different from the other structures, and the location at the central of the habitation area, suggests a church. In almost all the excavated sectors, layers of shattered walls were found, which suggest for a possible destruction of the habitation area during the mid 6th Century AD. The discovery of some other walls, hastily built above the destruction layers, indicates that during the 7th Century AD, the settlement of Hadrianololis continued to be occupied, though of another and essentially rural character.
    • The field season of 2009 in the ancient city of Hadrianopolis centered in the previously excavated habitation area. The excavation showed a monumentalization of the city during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian; however the earliest archaeological layers indicate that the settlement was inhabited since the Hellenistic Period. These earlier levels, which were identified under the ruins of the Roman _thermae_, consist of black gloss pottery fragments of the 4th Century BC., and suggest the occupation of the site from the 3-2nd Centuries BC. The excavation uncovered two wall lines set at perpendicular angels to each other (US 2077 and 2099), which seem to indicate for the presence of a large building (established to the west and east of US 2077) built during the 2nd Century AD. The previously discovered floor layers built of limestone slabs of 0, 7 cm thick, and perhaps a thermal structure, from which only a channel is identified, seem to relate to this large building. This suggests that as early as the Hadrian period, the Hellenistic and Roman village near Sofratike was developing into the urban settlement of Hadrianopolis. The identification of a channel supported by arcades at the limits of the settlement, suggest that perhaps at this time, an aqueduct carried water into the city from the hills of the village of Terihat. A series of walls belonging to a large building complex of a public character, and probably of a thermal function were identified above the early Roman structures. It is likely that the building complex was constructed in the 3rd Century AD. The quantity of material revealed in the upper layers of excavations, including a plate-lead fragment of type “Ostia I”, suggest for the habitation of the settlement during the 4-5th Centuries AD. Between the end of the 4th and beginning of the 5th Centuries AD, a crisis seems to have affected the city. This moment is documented by the thick layers of collapse which cover the earlier phases, or the alternation of these latter with poorer and vulnerable structures. The 6th Century AD is represented by traces of a three nave building built upon an earlier structure; in the ancient sources of the time (Procopius of Caesarea - _De Aedeficis_ IV 1, 36) the Roman city of Hadrianopolis is mentioned as _Ioustinianoupolis_. The occupation of the city continued even after the 6th Century AD., though now it appears weaker then in the earlier imperial phases. Layers of abandonment were identified in the area previously occupied by the _thermae_, where by the mid of the 6th Century a new structure was built. The rooms of this new structure are of a rectangular shape, and one of them (the ex- _tepidarium_ area) was probably used as a metal workshop. This moment (by the second half of the 6th Century), signs the beginning of an accelerated and progressive abandonment phase of the settlement. Afterward, new but poorer structures were built in the habitation area; some had apses incorporated, stone foundations and _zoccolature_ and wall lines of reused materials.
    • The excavations of 2010 in the ancient city of Hadrianopolis were located in the sector area opened at the habitation quarter of the Roman and Late Roman period. The excavation of this season enabled to define the chronological phases and topographical evolution of the cities structures, as well as to understand their role within the urban habitation area. The excavations revealed that the constructions of the Hadrian time, followed later by those of Justinian, were undertaken in a previously inhabited space. At least since the time of the Macedonian Wars, monumental structures had been built in the area. The deepest stratigraphical levels excavated in areas around the Roman _thermae_, represent habitation layers of Hellenistic period (3-1 Centuries BC.). The excavation uncovered the foundation walls of a Hellenistic monument and two of the in antis columns in its façade. To the north-east side of the theatre, traces of a structure built in _opus quadratum_ were identified, from which only the frontal section (5, 20 m long) and its eastern and western sides were uncovered. Materials of the second half of the 1st Century AD were found in a pit, which relates probably to the construction of the building; among them were distinguished some fine pottery fragments of the Tiberian period, and a fragment from a ceramic plate of Hayes 6, dated around AD. 80. At this time, the village, probably a _vicus_ must have undergone a number of important interventions, regarding the monumentalization process of site’s main buildings. A rounded structures found below the levels of the theatre’s orchestra seem to date to this period of time. The excavation of this season, along with the previously obtained remote sensing results (2007-2008), have aided in defining the limits of the habitation quarter as well as the urban characteristics of the city during the empire. The urban center was of rectangular plan (300 x 400m), with streets laid out perpendicularly to each-other, at a different orientation from the structures of the 1st Century AD. The theatre and _thermae_ seems to be centrally located, though, the latter deviates slightly to the south. Large buildings organized around an opened peristyle courtyards occupied the center zone of the city; the public structure with some kind of thermal function was a building of this type. This urban plan appears to have been in use until the 4-5th Centuries AD. Another phase of construction seems to develop at the 6th Century AD. A new building, probably a three-aisled church, was constructed at this time, following a different orientation from that of the Hadrianic city. The thermal complex was also adapted into a Christian basilica. The irregular constructions within the ancient habitation space are evidence for the last phases of settlement’s occupation. A series of walls encircling probably small agriculture properties, were constructed above the destruction layers of the previous time. It seems that the ruralization process of the city had begun sometimes before the arrival of Slavic population (at the end of 6th and beginning of the 7th Century).

Bibliography

    • A. Baçe, G. Paci, R. Perna, 2007, Hadrianopolis I, il progeto TAU.
    • R. Perna, 2008, Attività dell’Università degli Studi di Macerata ad Hadrianopolis (Albania), in Bolletino di Archelogia Online, http://151.12.58.75/archeologia/
    • R. Perna, Dh. Condi, 2011, Indagini archeologiche ad Hadrianopolis (Sofratikë) e nel territorio della valle del Drino (Campagne 2008-2010), in Iliria XXXIV, 2009-2010: 365-386