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  • Severynivka hillfort
  • Mezhyriv village, Zhmerynka district, Vinnytsia oblast, Ukraine
  •  
  • Ukraine
  • Vinnytsia
  • Zhmerynka Raion

Credits

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  • AIAC_logo logo

Periods

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Chronology

  • 650 BC - 550 BC

Season

    • The hillfort is situated on the northern edge of the high plateau that dominated the river valley. It is surrounded by an earthen rampart near 3 m high on the southern part and up to 1 m high on the eastern part. Besides that, a deep ravine with spring runs alongside the eastern rampart of the hillfort. Northern and western parts of the hillfort were destroyed in the early 20th century while constructing the railway and a quarry. The modern square of the hillfort is near 5.1 ha. Joint Ukrainian-Polish archaeological expedition started to explore Severynivka hillfort in 2009 after more than a half-century pause in the monument's study. The first task was examining the hillfort fortification. An exploratory trench was dug out on the SW part of the hillfort where the rampart ended at the edge of a precipice. Four non-simultaneous ditches with four subsequent layers within the rampart allows outlining four periods of the building. The earliest rampart was erected on the clayey soil with no cultural debris being found under it. The second period is distinguished by a stone pavement on the inner slope on which a fireplace was placed. Besides that, remnants of the wooden palisade were traced on the bottom of the second ditch. The layers of the third and fourth periods were partly destroyed by erosion and WW2 trenches. However, one can say that the latest ditch reached 4.05 m deep. And a layer made of big stone boulders was traced on the inner slope of the rampart's fourth period. Unfortunately, no wooden structure was traced within the walls. Also, a small prospective trench was dug out on the NW part of the hillfort at the edge of the precipice. A dwelling, harshly destroyed by erosion, was explored on this excavation site. It is distinguished by numerous finds of the Early-Scythian handmade pottery. Besides that, a children pair burial was found in the half-dumped basement of this dwelling, covered with cultural debris. Anthropological analysis showed that they suffered from diseases and died at a young age.
    • During the season 2010, excavation tranches measured 150 m2 in total were dug out at the SW corner of the hillfort alongside the earthen rampart and the precipice. The southern excavation site is the only one on the hillfort where cultural debris was detected. It is distinguished by a high amount of burned clay fragments and shreds of pottery. Several vessels were restored from the fragments. They are pots with a rounded body, decorated with a raised border and punctures on the rim. The special find is a bead made of green glass. Somewhat away from the rampart, where the cultural layer was less thick, a cluster of burned clay that probably remained from a dwelling, was detected on the ancient surface. There were a lot of finds of pottery fragments under it. Especially, broken storage jars with handles look interesting. Besides that, a lot of bone fragments and bone tools were detected in this object. A comb made of the bone plate is the brightest find. Pieces of carved and chopped bones and horns testify that such items were produced directly on the site. Also, a set of spindle whorls and loom sinkers were found here and, some of the pottery fragments had prints of fabric. Metal artefacts from the dwelling are three bronze arrowheads dated by the 7th – 6th c. BC. A household pit was explored near the dwelling. It is distinguished by the finds of iron pin and big cooking ware, the so-called cauldron-shaped pottery vessels. A cattle skull lay on the bottom of the pit. Besides that, a pavement made of stone boulders was opened at this excavation site. It was explored on the inner slope of the rampart at a length of 9 m. This pavement covered part of the cultural layer, but it also was covered by cultural debris as well.
    • During the season of 2011, the expedition worked on two areas of the hillfort. First, it is the Southern excavation site where earthwork was held since 2009. A stone pavement was uncovered alongside the rampart's inner slope for 15 m. According to this, the researchers suppose that it was not an accidental feature but an integral part of the fortification structure. A lot of cultural debris together with a lot of burned clay pieces were detected at the hillfort's inner area at the level of the stone pavement. Handmade pottery, mostly black-glazed bowls and pot rims decorated with punctures, constituted the majority of the finds. But also clay zoomorphic figurines and miniature clay "bread loaf" draw attention. Also, a lot of burned clay pieces were deposited on this level. Second, it is the South-Western excavation site placed alongside the precipice that constantly destroys the hillfort. There was no cultural layer detected here but partly destroyed household pits were seen at the eroded slopes. Pit 3 was distinguished by a black-glazed cylindrical vessel that looks like a pyxis. Pit 4 is very interesting because the only known amphora rim was found in it. It is the archaic Samos type that could be dated by the early-mid. 6th c. BC. A pair of broken psalia decorated in the Scythian animal style also looks interesting because it is a unique case when a set of them was found at a settlement. Their ornamentation is unique as each end of the psalia ends with a carved head of the beast. A model of the broken clay altar with circular ornament is another unusual find from this pit. Object 5 was a pit filled with ash and cultural debris. A lot of pottery shreds were laid on the bottom of it There are the typical cooking pots, big storage jars and so-called cauldron-shaped pots all of which are ornamented mostly in the same way. However, the wall of one of the storage jars was decorated with smooth cannelures in a form of semicircles. Pit 5 was a small smooth cavity at the buried surface that contained a little amount of the finds. Pit 6 contained a lot of pottery fragments at the lower level. A black-glazed bowl and two half-restored cooking pots are among them. The upper part of the pit was filled with a dumped burned clay, perhaps pieces of the destroyed hut walls. All collected material lay within the mid. 7th – mid 6th centuries BC.
    • Three excavation sites were explored in 2012. Southern excavation site. A stone pavement was uncovered alongside the rampart's inner slope for 20 m already. There were not many finds at the ancient buried surface. Instead, two fireplaces and two pits were traced here. Pit 7 was in form of a bell, 1.35 m deep. At the lower part, several pieces of pottery were found, among which a rounded bowl and a pot draws attention. The upper part of the pit was filled with pieces of burned clay. Pit 8 measuring 1.4 m deep, had an oval form and a step in the corner. It was also covered with a layer of burned clay and boulders that rolled down from a stone pavement. A set of ware distinguished by two types of bowls. From one side, the typical rounded bowls constituted the majority of such finds. On another side, a wide bowl with flat open rims decorated with carved triangles was also found here. Besides that, a broken horn psalia decorated with a carved image of a horse hoof draws attention. Several pieces of horn wastes were also found together with it. Pit 9 measuring 1.45 m deep distinguished by a large cooking wares that laid at the bottom part together with a layer of burned clay pieces. One of the pots has archaic ornamentation that are the raised punctured borders placed on the rim and on the middle part of it. Pit 10 measuring 1.1 m deep, had an interesting find of the zoomorphic figurine and horn bead within. Pit 11 measuring 1.3 m deep, had a square form and a stair alongside the wall. Pit 12 was distinguished by a find of a flint sickle that is a very archaic feature for an Early Iron Age site. South-Western excavation site. Only two small household pits (№№ 13 and 14) containing mostly pieces of pottery were explored in this area. The last excavation site is a trench that was dug out on the NE part of the hillfort. Though the fortifications were not fully explored some interesting observations were proposed. A rampart was 1.3 m high and 4 m wide, with a flat inner slope 15 m wide. The inner part of the rampart was erected using the cultural layer possibly from the main area of the hillfort. A bronze trilobate arrowhead is the most interesting find among them. Also, five non-simultaneous fireplaces were traced within the rampart's layers covered with layers of white clay and sterile ash without the cultural debris.
    • The researchers worked on five areas all over the hillfort during the season of 2013. On the Southern excavation site, more trenches were dug out alongside the rampart, but it has appeared that the cultural layer was deposited only near the household pits and dwellings. Only an archaic bilobate arrowhead that was detected on the ancient surface draws attention. Works within the NE trench on the fortification rampart was continued but the researchers were not able to explore the ditch. Instead, it was outlined three construction periods that correspond with the fireplaces discovered in the previous year. South-Western excavation site. Eight household pits of different shapes and sizes were explored here (№№ 15-22). Generally speaking, all of them were filled with the wastes of everyday life: shreds of pottery, pieces of animal bones and burned clay fragments. Pit 15 is distinguished by finds of details of horse bridle decorated in the Scythian animal style: fragments of two psalia and a bead. One of the psalia is decorated with a griffin image together with lines of carved triangles. Another one has an end in a form of a horse hoof. Besides that, wastes of horn carving and semi-finished bone arrowheads were found in pit 16. Due to the researchers, this testifies to the local production of such artefacts. Northern excavation site brought not so many finds. Only four small household pits (№№ 23-26) were explored here and only one bronze earring could be mentioned. The first trench was dug out on the Central excavation site. Here the researchers discovered part of the big and deep complex that was not fully explored this year. However, in the upper layer, they detected an interesting iron razor and trilobate arrowhead among the other usual finds. All collected material lay within the mid. 7th – mid 6th centuries BC.
    • During the season of 2014, the expedition worked on two areas of the hillfort. Three household pits (№№ 27-29) were explored on the North-Western excavation site. They are distinguished by quite an interesting set of wares. For example, big handmade pots ornamented with a punctured border originated from pit 28. Besides that, a big ladle ornamented with vertical cannelures over his body was found in the same object. The main attention was paid to the Central excavation site where exploration of the huge complex continued. The researchers dug out an area within 75 m2 but still, they were not able to open the whole object. However, the cross-section of the object was made. It has appeared that for ditches laid NE-SW. The deepest of them was 4.25 m. A quite archaic pot ornamented with rod dimples on his body laid on the bottom of the third layer. The ditches were dumped with sterile clay after that two layers of the coaly soil were deposited over them. Also, several fireplaces were traced under both of the coaly layers. Numerous artefacts were found within the coaly layers: pots with raised punctured borders, black-glazed ladles, and bowls, zoomorphic clay figurines and miniature vessels. A unique find is a miniature three-nozzled vessel. Many shreds of the storage jars were also decorated with cannelures formed in semicircles. A unique find for this region is a pot decorated with two diametral borders on the rim that make it looks like a face urn. Also, a series of horn products analogous to those from other areas of the hillfort was found here. It is about psalia, decorated in Scythian animal style, arrowheads, pins, as well as shopped horn wastes and semi-finished products. The most interesting are the iron artefacts, namely an unusual bracelet adorned with snake heads at the ends and a rare iron trilobate arrowhead. Besides that, tools of everyday use were also presented here. It is about iron knives and needles, clay spindle whorls and a pair of tools for leather currying and trimming made of animal bones. All collected material lay within the mid. 7th – mid 6th centuries BC. But the upper coaly layer can be dated more precisely by the second quarter of the 6th c. BC after the find of the only amphora wall fragment, which by the light slip on the outside surface can be attributed to the proto‑Thasian circle.
    • During the season of 2015, the expedition worked on two areas of the hillfort. First, it is the North-Western excavation site where three pits (№№ 31-33) were explored over the eroded slope. Not so many artefacts were found within those objects, mostly small shreds of the local pottery. Instead, an interesting set of archaic ladles with slightly incurved profiles were discovered in the cultural layer. Also, a rare flint sickle was deposited together with the ladles. The main attention was paid to the Central excavation site where exploration of the huge complex continued. The total explored area reached 150 m2, but still, the researchers didn't explore the whole central multi-layered complex. However, all the stratigraphic observations proposed in the previous year were testified. Additionally, a bright set of artefacts was also collected here. Pieces of the other three psalia one of which was decorated with the head of the so-called griphin-ram is among them. A unique find is an iron socketed axe. It was detected on one of the fireplaces that are stressed its unusual character. Interesting, analogies for such kinds of tools are found in Central Europe. Other metal objects are typical for the local Scythian culture. It is such finds as trilobate arrowheads and iron pins. Besides the material objects, a lot of animal bones were collected while exploring the coaly layers. Most of them belong to the cattle and the bones of the wild animal are single. Especially interesting is the chopped jaw of a young woman that was found among the animal bones. Summing up, though the central multi-layered complex was not fully excavated, it could be considered as an extraordinary structure. Perhaps, it was a religious building for communal feasts and gatherings. Finally, several finds of the flint tools could be seen among the Scythian materials. But perhaps those artefacts were redeposited while constructing this complex in the Early Iron Age.

Bibliography

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