AIAC_1143 - Vagnari - 2015Work concentrated on a hitherto unexplored area adjacent to the substantial stone-built structure (North Building) excavated in the previous seasons on the northern edge of the settlement. The excavation revealed exciting new evidence for viniculture, consisting of a paved area in which three large pitch-lined ceramic vats (dolia defossa) were sunk into the floor. It is likely that wine was stored and fermented in these vessels, and that this room was a cella vinaria. Only a small fraction of this room could be explored, but it will have been much more extensive, almost certainly with rows of fixed dolia. Associated facilities, such as a pressing room, a treading basin, or a must container, were not found in the trenches opened in 2015, but the area will be expanded in 2016 to locate them and the complete range of dolia. In another part of the building, outside the cella vinaria, finds such as pieces of marble wall or floor cladding, panes of window glass, a wide range of pottery, and bone implements, shed light on the appointment of a part of the building and associated domestic activity. The project is shedding light on the diversity of the economy of the estate and the role of the vicus and its inhabitants in organising and managing work and income for the emperor.
VAGNARI – Cemetery
After a study season in 2014, excavations in the Vagnari cemetery resumed in the summer of 2015 with a team of students and supervisors from Canada and the United States. Two trenches were opened to the South (Trench 99) and East (Trench 109) of previous excavations. Trench 99 revealed a surprisingly small number of burials (n=3) given the large dimensions of the area excavated (16m E-W by 8m N-S), which suggests that we may have found the SE edge of the cemetery. The smaller Trench 109 (5m E-W by 9m N-S) to the NE of Trench 109 contained a total of 9 burials, 5 of which were excavated this year.
All of the burials were cappuccina tombs, with the exception of one pit burial of an adult male. Most burials contained one interment with a modest number of grave goods located around the feet, as in previous years, with the exception of the pit burial that contained no grave goods. Two burials (F308 and F314) contained the remains of multiple individuals. F308 was associated with the remains of 3 individuals. The poorly preserved skeletal remains of a subadult (3-5 years) were found outside the grave at the SW end. Inside the burial, two adult individuals were discovered with the earlier one showing evidence of disturbance and redeposition with the later burial stratified over top. There were some disturbed tiles located to the North of F308, which may be part of the earlier tomb. It is not clear if the disturbance was unintentional (i.e., the earlier grave was not visible and was accidentally disturbed) or deliberate, possibly indicating a relationship between the two individuals and the intentional burial of the two in the same grave.
AIAC_1143 - Vagnari - 2016VAGNARI – Vicus
Excavations conducted since 2012 in the vicus at Vagnari continued in the summer of 2016. Work concentrated on the eastern side of a substantial stone-built structure partially excavated in 2015 in which a cella vinaria was preserved. This wine storage area did not continue further east, as we expected, but it is now clear that the room housing the large pitch-lined ceramic wine vats (dolia defossa) had a north-south orientation, and it is to the north and south of the area excavated in 2015 that we expect to clarify the extent of this facility.
In 2016, the physical evidence retrieved allowed us to fill important gaps in the occupation history at Vagnari, both for the period prior to the establishment of the imperial estate and for the earliest period of Roman settlement. The most exciting discovery was a building that predates any structure found thus far in the vicus. The pottery, loom weights, ceramic oil lamps, and iron implements that were retrieved from a circular storage pit in this building can be dated to the Hellenistic period, to the 2nd century B.C. at the latest. This building continued in use in the early first century A.D. when it was adapted and enlarged, precisely at the time in which the site became an imperial property. This must have been a relatively high-status structure, with floor or dado coverings of white and grey marble slabs. Also several large panes of window glass retrieved here suggest a well-appointed structure. Some of the walls of this early Roman building were preserved, although in places they had been robbed out. On top of one of them, a coin of Vespasian was found, indicating that the building was dismantled after A.D. 70.
The building was replaced with another structure on the same alignment, of which well- preserved walls and floors, including a cobblestone floor, remained. This building was occupied well into the third and possibly even the fourth century A.D. The tile roof covering two of its rooms had collapsed onto the beaten earth floors, without being retrieved in antiquity, and a coin of the early fourth century lying immediately on top of a robbed-out wall here is a useful piece of evidence to date the abandonment of the building.
Although only a part of the Hellenistic and the early Roman buildings could be excavated due to time constraints, the structural and in situ artefactual evidence demonstrates beyond doubt that there was a predecessor settlement here, perhaps a villa, which was taken over and adapted when the imperial estate was created in the early first century A.D. The region clearly had not been depopulated or empty after the Roman conquest in the third century B.C., although it remains to be clarified who, in fact, built and inhabited the Hellenistic settlement.
VAGNARI – Cemetery
Excavations in the cemetery at Vagnari continued in the summer of 2016. We reopened Trench 109 from the 2015 excavations in the eastern part of the cemetery to expose 4 burials that were not fully excavated during that field season. We also extended this trench to the North by an additional 6m, creating a trench that was 11m N-S by 6m E-W in size. We uncovered 4 new burials in this northern extension, three of which were excavated this year. All but one of the tomb structures in Trench 109 were cappuccina burials. The exception was one adult individual (F331) who was interred in a simple pit with no evidence of a burial structure. We also opened up a new trench to the North of Trench 109 and Trench 89 (from 2013), measuring 10m E-W by 6m N-S. Five burials were identified in this trench (Trench 119) and 3 of these were excavated. All 3 were the characteristic cappuccina burial structures.
Nine of the 10 burials excavated in 2016 were inhumations, with the deceased typically buried in an extended supine position with grave goods deposited around the feet and legs. The grave goods found in 2016 are similar to those found in other burials from the cemetery, including objects that were likely used by the deceased during life (e.g., hobnails, iron tools, lamps, and pottery vessels). One burial in Trench 119 (F325) was a cappuccina burial containing an in situ cremation. This is only the fourth cremation burial found in the cemetery to-date, and similar to the previous 3 cremation burials this one contained a large number of high-quality grave goods. Preliminary osteological analysis indicates that 6 adults, 2 children, and 1 neonate were buried in this part of the cemetery. The cremation burial is also likely that of an adult, but age and sex could not be determined. Ongoing bioarchaeological research at this site is investigating geographic origins, diet, and health of the people living in this rural Roman settlement.