AIAC_1898 - Falacrinae - 2009The third season of excavation at the site of the Roman villa at San Lorenzo took place between the 6th July and 15th August and involved some 40 students from universities in Italy, Ireland, Spain, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. The site, which lies 4 kilometers to the south of Cittareale overlooking the Via Salaria, was first identified at the end of the 19th century, has since 2007 been the subject of detailed investigation through geophysical survey and excavation by the British School at Rome and the University of Perugia.
The aim of the 2009 excavation was to investigate a range of rooms at the northern extent of the villa, initially indicated by the geophysical survey, and whose presence was confirmed at the close of the previous year’s excavation. Furthermore, excavation continued of the late antique phase, identified in the western range of the complex, where over the course of the previous two years a small workshop has been discovered, revealing that the villa was the site of a various forms of production in the late 4th and early 5th century AD. Finally, a test trench was planned in order to assess the southern extent of the villa, in view of future excavation.
The 2008 excavation had revealed the north-western corner of a large double colonnade, to the east of which lay an open area, and behind which appeared to lie a series of rooms. This was confirmed by the 2009 excavation, which discovered a series of five rooms, two of which were decorated with white limestone mosaic floors, and one which was decorated with a marble floor in opus sectile. These rooms, which formed the pars urbana of the villa, also served to define the northern limit of the complex, also confirmed by a substantial external wall and the end of a long paved drainage channel.
The spectacular discovery of a preserved floor in opus sectile is amongst the most important aspects of this villa. The two different types of modules used in the composition of the floor, together with the various different types of marble, suggest that the pavement can be dated to the Flavian period, a moment in which the villa was subject to significant alterations. Also discovered in this northern part of the complex was a small calidarium, as identified by the presence of in situ suspensurae and a praefurnium.
The second major area which the 2009 excavation focussed upon was the continued investigation of a series of rooms of the complex which were later reused in the late antique, after a period of abandonment of the villa in the 3rd century AD. The discovery over the previous years of a series of pools and several paved bases which had been exposed to firing, as well a number of bronze vessels and millstones, together with a small hoard of coins gave an indication as to the activity in this villa in the late antique. Excavation therefore continued of the most southerly room before the site is cut by a small track and a modern pipeline. The excavation revealed further aspects of production on the site, including the mould of a lamp, as well as confirming the probability of several phases of construction in the late antique period.
Excavation has shown that a significant part of the central range of the complex lies underneath the church and modern cemetery of San Lorenzo. Therefore, guided by the results of a magnetometry survey conducted in 2008, an evaluation trench, begun the previous year, was further extended to the south of the complex. The results suggest that the first phase of the villa lay on the southern end of the terrace, and as the villa was monumentalised in the Early Imperial period, it extended to the north, finally covering an area of approximately 10,000m².